This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Other Versions of this Article: JB.01636-07v1 190/6/1866    most recent Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Létoffé, S. Articles by Wandersman, C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Létoffé, S. Articles by Wandersman, C.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Bacteriology, March 2008, p. 1866-1870, Vol. 190, No. 6
0021-9193/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.01636-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Functional Differences between Heme Permeases: Serratia marcescens HemTUV Permease Exhibits a Narrower Substrate Specificity (Restricted to Heme) Than the Escherichia coli DppABCDF Peptide-Heme Permease

Unité des Membranes Bactériennes, Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA 2172, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France

Received 9 October 2007/ Accepted 23 December 2007

	ABSTRACT

Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Serratia marcescens hemTUV genes encoding a potential heme permease were cloned in Escherichia coli recombinant mutant FB827 dppF::Km(pAM 238-hasR). This strain, which expresses HasR, a foreign heme outer membrane receptor, is potentially capable of using heme as an iron source. However, this process is invalidated due to a dppF::Km mutation which inactivates the Dpp heme/peptide permease responsible for heme, dipeptide, and -aminolevulinic (ALA) transport through the E. coli inner membrane. We show here that hemTUV genes complement the Dpp permease for heme utilization as an iron source and thus are functional in E. coli. However, hemTUV genes do not complement the Dpp permease for ALA uptake, indicating that the HemTUV permease does not transport ALA. Peptides do not inhibit heme uptake in vivo, indicating that, unlike Dpp permease, HemTUV permease does not transport peptides. HemT, the periplasmic binding protein, binds heme. Heme binding is saturable and not inhibited by peptides that inhibit heme uptake by the Dpp system. Thus, the S. marcescens HemTUV permease and, most likely, HemTUV orthologs present in many gram-negative pathogens form a class of heme-specific permeases different from the Dpp peptide/heme permease characterized in E. coli.

	INTRODUCTION

Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Heme, the prosthetic group of various hemoproteins, is also a major iron source for microbes. To retrieve iron, bacteria import heme as a whole molecule and degrade it in the cytoplasm. In gram-negative bacteria, heme is actively transported through the outer membrane by specific proton motive force-powered receptors and through the inner membrane by periplasmic binding protein-dependent ABC permeases. Most outer membrane heme receptors directly extract free or host hemoprotein-bound heme from the medium. Such receptors are widespread among gram-negative species. The best-characterized receptors are Yersinia enterocolitica HemR (20) and Shigella dysenteriae ShuA (28). A more elaborate heme uptake system is present in fewer species, such as Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas and Yersinia species. This system involves bacterial extracellular proteins called hemophores (10). Because of their high affinity for heme, hemophores extract this compound from various host hemoproteins and convey it to hemophore-specific outer membrane receptors (HasR) that internalize only heme (27). HasR proteins form a conserved subfamily of heme receptors which exhibit low levels of sequence similarity with other heme receptors. Nevertheless, the S. marcescens HasR receptor allows free and hemoglobin-bound heme uptake through the outer membrane (4).

In many gram-negative pathogens, heme permeases have similar sequences and organizations and are comprised of one periplasmic heme binding protein, HemT, one transmembrane protein, HemU, and one ABC protein, HemV (21). Heme permease structural genes are usually clustered, and only one copy is present in each bacterial genome. The heme permease gene set is localized in an iron-regulated operon that often also includes a gene encoding one heme outer membrane receptor (26).

Pathogenic Escherichia coli strains have genes that are homologous to hemTUV and are linked to the structural gene for the heme outer membrane receptor. This cluster has a similar genetic organization and chromosome localization in many E. coli strains, suggesting that it was acquired by horizontal transfer (28).

On the other hand, E. coli K-12 lacks a heme outer membrane receptor and heme permease orthologs and is unable to use exogenously added heme as an iron source. Nevertheless, a recombinant clone expressing only a foreign heme outer membrane receptor, such as ShuA, HemR, or HasR, can use heme as an iron source, suggesting that there is an unidentified heme permease. In previous work, we showed that E. coli heme permease consists of the dipeptide ABC transporter DppBCDF functioning with one of two optional periplasmic binding proteins, either MppA, the L-alanyl--D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelate binding protein (14), or DppA, the dipeptide binding protein (1). Purified DppA and MppA proteins are able to bind heme in vitro with binding constants of approximately 10 and 50 µM, respectively. Peptides compete for heme binding to DppA and MppA in vitro, while in vivo they inhibit heme transport (9). The DppA/MppA DppBCDF permease also transports -aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a heme precursor that resembles the GG dipeptide (25).

Two other periplasmic DppA homologs, the E. coli NikA protein and Haemophilus influenzae HbpA, also bind heme (18) (5). While periplasmic binding proteins are usually specific for one substrate or closely related structural homologs, it is surprising that NikA, DppA, and MppA bind heme in addition to their cognate substrates. However, it is not known whether HbpA and NikA also bind peptides in addition to heme.

The present work was undertaken to determine whether other heme binding periplasmic proteins can bind peptides. The hemTUV genes of S. marcescens were cloned and expressed in an E. coli recombinant strain having a heme outer membrane receptor enabling heme uptake through the outer membrane and carrying a dppF::Km mutation which inactivated the Dpp-heme permease.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Bacterial strains and plasmids. E. coli strains FB8 (wild type, F^–) and FB827 (entF::Tn10) have been described previously (16). POP3 (araD139 lacU169 rpsL relA thi) and POP3 hemA were obtained from a laboratory collection. FB827 dppF::Tn5 has been described previously (9). S. marcescens DB11 was described by Kurz et al. (7) and was a gift from J. Ewbank. Mutations were introduced into strains by phage P1 transduction.

pAM 238 and pTRC99 were obtained from a laboratory collection, and pAM 238-hasR has been described previously (8). pTRC99-hemTUV and pTRC99-hemT are described in this paper.

Media and growth conditions. Hemin, bovine hemoglobin, ALA, 2,2'dipyridyl (Dip), and isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (Lyon, France). The hemoglobin concentration was calculated on the basis of the heme monomer. Hemoglobin and ALA solutions were sterilized by passage through 0.45-µm-pore-size filters. Hemin was dissolved immediately before use in a minimal volume of 0.1 N NaOH, filtered, and diluted with the appropriate buffer to obtain the desired concentration. Bacteria were grown aerobically at 37°C in LB rich medium, in M63, or in M63 without added iron salt (M63*). All minimal media were supplemented with 0.4% glucose. When required, Dip was added at a final concentration of 60 µM to M63*. IPTG (1 mM) was added to induce the pTRC99 trc promoter. Antibiotics were added at the following final concentrations: ampicillin, 50 µg ml^–1; kanamycin, 25 µg ml^–1; spectinomycin, 50 µg ml^–1; tetracycline, 10 µg ml^–1; and chloramphenicol, 15 µg ml^–1. For each strain, the carbon source and the appropriate antibiotics were added to solid and liquid media (data not shown). All cultures were grown with aeration at 37°C, and the optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀) was determined.

Growth promotion assays. Cultures of strain FB827(pAM 238-hasR) carrying various mutations and plasmids were grown in M63 containing glucose to an OD₆₀₀ of 1, and 100-µl aliquots were mixed with 3.5 ml of M63* soft agar (0.7% agar) and poured onto M63* plates containing Dip supplemented with 1 mM IPTG to induce the pTRC99-encoded genes. Aliquots (50 µl) of bovine hemoglobin at various concentrations were placed in wells punched in the solidified agar. The plates were incubated overnight at 37°C, and the radius of the growth halo around each well was measured. All experiments were repeated three times.

To test its ability to use ALA, heme auxotroph strain POP3 hemA carrying various mutations and plasmids was streaked on M63 plates containing the appropriate antibiotics and supplemented with either 0.5 or 5 µg/ml of ALA. Colony sizes were measured after 48 h of incubation at 37°C.

Genetic techniques. Preparation of P1 lysates and transduction were performed as described by Miller (11). Competent cells were prepared by the calcium chloride method.

Extraction and manipulation of plasmids. Standard methods were used for isolation of plasmid DNA, cloning, restriction enzyme analysis, and transformation.

Plasmid construction. Plasmids encoding HemTUV and HemT were constructed by amplification of S. marcescens DB11 genomic DNA using complementary oligonucleotides (sequences available upon request). Amplified fragments with appropriate restriction nuclease recognition sites were inserted into pTRC99. Amplified gene sequences were checked by DNA sequencing.

Production and purification of HemT protein. HemT was purified by using the procedure used to purify DppA and MppA described previously (9). Briefly, 6 liters of a POP3(pTRC99-HemT) cell culture was grown at 37°C in M63. When the culture reached an OD₆₀₀ of 0.2, IPTG was added to a final concentration of 1 mM. The culture was grown for an additional 4 h at 37°C to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.8 and harvested by centrifugation for 15 min at 8,000 x g at 4°C. The cell pellet was washed once in TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.5], 1 mM EDTA), resuspended at room temperature in 480 ml of 30% (wt/vol) sucrose (OD₆₀₀, 10), and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. Then EDTA (pH 8) was added to a final concentration of 10 mM, and cells were incubated again for 15 min at room temperature. The cell suspension was centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 30 min at 4°C. The supernatant containing the periplasmic shock fluid was concentrated by 80% ammonium sulfate precipitation and then extensively dialyzed against 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5)-80 mM NaCl at 4°C.

Samples of concentrated osmotic shock fluid were first purified by cation-exchange chromatography performed as described previously for DppA (9). This was followed by anion-exchange chromatography using gels preequilibrated with 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.5). Elution was performed with 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.5)-1 M NaCl. Fractions were collected, and their HemT contents and purity were evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Fractions containing pure HemT that produced a single protein band at an apparent molecular mass of 27 kDa were pooled and concentrated by using an Amicon Ultra 15 with a 10,000-molecular-weight cutoff (Millipore). The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined by the Plateforme d'Analyze et de Microséquence des Protéines of the Institut Pasteur.

Nondenaturing PAGE and detection of heme by chemiluminescence. Aliquots (30 µl) of purified HemT (concentration, 3 x 10^–6 M) were incubated at room temperature for 30 min with heme at various concentrations, including 10^–4, 10^–5, 10^–6, and 10^–7 M. Heme-loaded samples were separated by PAGE (at 4°C in the absence of SDS), and the proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose filters. Heme complexed with protein bands on the gel retained its intrinsic peroxidase activity, which was detected by chemiluminescence (ECL Plus; Amersham) as described previously (24). The signal was measured either by autoradiography on film or with a Storm Imager.

Peptide inhibition of heme binding to HemT was tested by adding to 30-µl purified HemT aliquots (concentration, 3 x 10^–6 M) either heme alone (10^–4 M) or a mixture of heme (10^–4 M) and peptides Ala-Ala (AA) and Pro-Phe-Lys (PFK) (10^–4 M each). Peptone and tryptone inhibition of heme binding to HemT was also tested by adding to 10-µl purified HemT aliquots (concentration, 3 x 10^–6 M) a mixture of heme (10^–4 M), peptone (final concentration, 7%), and tryptone (final concentration, 7%). The mixtures were separated by PAGE, and heme was detected as described above.

	RESULTS

Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
S. marcescens DB11 hemTUV genes are functional in E. coli for iron heme utilization. Using the S. marcescens DB11 genomic sequence database (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/S_marcescens/), we identified only one set of hemTUV orthologs. The S. marcescens HemT protein shared 72, 37, and 33% sequence identity with periplasmic heme binding HemT proteins of Y. enterocolitica, S. dysenteriae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. The S. marcescens inner membrane component HemU and the ABC protein HemV belong to the well-conserved family of siderophore, heme, and vitamin B₁₂ ABC transporters. The hemTUV genes are contiguous, with one gene located next to another, and are located in a potentially iron-regulated operon that also contains the hemR gene encoding a potential heme outer membrane receptor. This genetic organization is generally found for most hemTUV genes.

The DB11 hemTUV genes were amplified by PCR and cloned into pTRC99. Strain FB827(pAM 238-hasR) and the isogenic mutant FB827 dppF::Km(pAM 238-hasR) were transformed with pTRC99-dppABCDF or pTRC99-hemTUV. Strains were grown in M63 to an OD₆₀₀ of 1 and tested for growth on M63* plates containing Dip and 1 mM IPTG. Because of iron restriction, none of the tested strains could grow on these plates. Wells were punched into solidified agar and filled with 50 µl of bovine hemoglobin at concentrations ranging from 1 to 50 µM. As shown previously by another growth promotion assay (9), FB827(pAM 238-hasR) could grow only around hemoglobin-containing wells; the lowest hemoglobin concentration that resulted in a significant halo was 5 µM, and neither strain FB827(pAM 238) lacking heme outer membrane receptor HasR nor mutant FB827 dppF::Km(pAM 238-hasR) could grow on these plates around the wells containing hemoglobin at concentrations up to 50 µM (hemoglobin concentrations equal to or higher than 100 µM could not be used as they might promote nonspecific growth in this test). FB827 dppF::Km(pAM 238-hasR)(pTRC99-dppABCDF) grew as well as parental strain FB827(pAM 238-hasR) around the hemoglobin-filled wells (Table 1).

Peptides do not inhibit iron heme utilization via HemTUV permease. The dipeptide AA has a strong affinity for DppA (19), and the tripeptide PFK is transported by MppA-OppBCDF permease (14). In previous work we showed that a combination of these two peptides inhibits heme utilization via the Dpp permease (9). We thus tested whether such competition also occurs via the HemTUV permease. Strains FB827 dppF::Km(pAM 238-hasR)(pTRC99-dppABCDF) and FB827 dppF::Km(pAM238-hasR)(pTRC99-hemTUV) were grown and tested as described above on M63* plates containing Dip and 1 mM IPTG with wells filled with either 50 µM hemoglobin alone or a mixture of hemoglobin and various peptides, as indicated in Table 2. Growth of FB827 dppF::Km(pAM 238-hasR)(pTRC99-dppABCDF), which has a functional Dpp permease, was inhibited around wells containing a mixture of hemoglobin and either peptone (20%) or tryptone (20%) or containing a combination of the dipeptide AA and the tripeptide PFK (100 µM each). However, the growth of FB827 dppF::Km(pAM 238-hasR)(pTRC99-hemTUV) was the same in all wells independent of the presence of peptides, indicating that none of the peptides inhibited iron heme utilization via HemTUV (Table 2).

HemT overproduction does not inhibit ALA transport. To determine whether HemT sequesters heme or inhibits the Dpp permease, we tested the effect of HemT overproduction on the ability of organisms to use ALA at low concentrations. POP3 hemA(pTRC99-hemT) grew as well as POP3 hemA on M63 plates containing glucose and 1 mM IPTG supplemented with 0.5 µg/ml of ALA (Table 3). Thus, HemT does not bind ALA and does not inhibit Dpp permease. It might withhold heme from Dpp permease.

HemT "in vitro" properties. POP3(pTRC99-hemT) was grown in M63 with 1 mM IPTG to induce the hemT gene and was osmotically shocked to release its periplasmic contents. A protein band induced by IPTG and with an apparent molecular mass of 27 kDa was detected in the shock fluid (Fig. 1A, lane 1). The N-terminal sequence of the HemT protein was AQRIVS, indicating that the hemT gene encodes a 23-residue, cleavable, N-terminal signal peptide. This signal peptide had a twin-arginine motif and an overall sequence similar to a Tat signal sequence (17). We thus tested whether HemT is translocated to the periplasm by the Tat system, which delivers folded proteins. The HemT amounts in the periplasm were similar in tat⁺ and tat backgrounds, indicating that HemT translocation is Tat independent (data not shown). HemT was purified as described in Materials and Methods. This resulted in a single band on SDS-PAGE gels at an apparent molecular mass of 27 kDa (Fig. 1 A, lane 2). Pure HemT was incubated with 10^–4 M heme and electrophoresed on a nondenaturing PAGE gel, which allowed separation of free heme, apoprotein, and heme-loaded protein without dissociation of heme from the protein. Heme bound to the protein was detected by chemiluminescence (Fig. 1 B, lanes 1 and 3). HemT was incubated with various concentrations of heme. The samples were analyzed as described above, and the heme bound to proteins was determined by enhanced chemoluminescence. Heme binding was saturable with a dissociation constant for heme less than 10^–6 M (data not shown).

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Purification and heme binding properties of HemT. (A) SDS-PAGE analysis of periplasmic and purified HemT. Lane M, molecular mass markers (molecular masses [in kDa] are indicated on the left); lane 1, concentrated osmotic shock fluid of POP3(pTRC99-hemT); lane 2, purified HemT protein. (B) Enhanced chemiluminescence detection after nondenaturing PAGE and transfer onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Proteins were incubated at room temperature for 30 min either with heme or with a mixture of heme and peptides or only buffer as indicated below the lanes. The final concentration of heme was 100 µM; the final concentration of the AA and PFK peptides was 100 µM each. Peptone and tryptone were each added at a final concentration of 20% (+Pep+Trp). Mixtures were separated by PAGE (at 4°C in the absence of SDS), and the proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose filters. Heme complexed with protein bands on the gel retained intrinsic peroxidase activity, which was detected by chemiluminescence (ECL Plus; Amersham). The signal was measured either by autoradiography on film or with a Storm Imager.

	DISCUSSION

Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Our data indicate that the S. marcescens HemTUV permease is functional in E. coli and replaces the Dpp permease for heme uptake through the inner membrane when HasR is present to promote heme transport through the outer membrane. The two permeases, however, have different properties. Whereas the Dpp permease transports di- and tripeptides, ALA, and heme, the HemTUV permease transports only heme. Heme binding to purified periplasmic HemT protein is not inhibited by peptides. In most cases periplasmic binding proteins are responsible for substrate recognition and specific transfer to their ABC dedicated transporters. Thus, it appears that periplasmic heme binding protein constituents of ABC permeases belong to two classes. One class is comprised of large binding proteins, such as DppA, MppA, NikA, and HbpA, which recognize substrates other than heme. DppA and MppA are involved in heme delivery to the Dpp transporter in E. coli. HbpA is also involved in heme uptake in H. influenzae, but the corresponding heme ABC transporter has not been identified yet. Heme-loaded NikA is not involved in heme uptake in E. coli, but it might be involved in cytochrome maturation (18). This class is related to the Opp-like transporters, which are known to be involved in the transport of a large variety of substrates, such as sugar in archaea and thermophilic bacteria (12), proline betaine in Rhizobiaceae (2), and agrocinopine in Agrobacterium tumefaciens (6). The second class of periplasmic heme binding proteins includes smaller proteins, such as S. marcescens HemT, S. dysenteriae ShuT (3), and P. aeruginosa PhuT (23). We show here that HemT is specific for heme. It is likely that this is also the case for the other heme binding proteins belonging to this class.

The contribution of each type of permease to heme acquisition by bacterial pathogens is actually not known. BLAST searches for putative heme permeases did not reveal any hemTUV orthologs in several species, such as Neisseria and Haemophilus species, which have functional heme outer membrane receptors and which are able to use heme as an iron source (15). It is tempting to speculate that in these organisms heme is taken up by peptide permeases. In addition, hemTUV gene inactivation in various mutants, such as Y. enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, and Vibrio cholerae mutants, does not abolish heme uptake, suggesting that in these mutants peptide permeases may take over from the HemTUV permeases (13, 20, 22). Genetic inactivation of each permease and of both types of permeases in these strains should help elucidate the relative role of each type of permease in heme uptake.

A priori, heme transport through the inner membrane by E. coli K-12, an organism lacking an outer membrane heme receptor, seems meaningless. However, it is likely that the peptide/heme permease is involved in endogenous heme recycling.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
We thank Elie Dassa for carefully reading the manuscript.

	FOOTNOTES

 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Unité des Membranes Bactériennes, Département de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Médicale, Institut Pasteur, 25-28, rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. Phone: 33 1 40 61 32 75. Fax: 33 1 45 68 87 90. E-mail: cwander{at}pasteur.fr

Published ahead of print on 4 January 2008.

	REFERENCES

Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 

1. Abouhamad, W., and M. Manson. 1994. The dipeptide permease of Escherichia coli closely resembles other bacterial transport systems and shows growth-phase-dependent expression. Mol. Microbiol. 14:1077-1092.[Medline]
2. Alloing, G., I. Travers, B. Sagot, D. Le Rudulier, and L. Dupont. 2006. Proline betaine uptake in Sinorhizobium meliloti: characterization of Prb, an Opp-like ABC transporter regulated by both proline betaine and salinity stress. J. Bacteriol. 188:6308-6317.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Eakanunkul, S., G. Lukat-Rodgers, S. Sumithran, A. Ghosh, K. Rodgers, J. Dawson, and A. Wilks. 2005. Characterization of the periplasmic heme-binding protein shunt from the heme uptake system of Shigella dysenteriae. Biochemistry 44:13179-13191.[CrossRef][Medline]
4. Ghigo, J. M., S. Létoffé, and C. Wandersman. 1997. A new type of hemophore-dependent heme acquisition system of Serratia marcescens reconstituted in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 179:3572-3579.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Hanson, M., C. Slaughter, and E. Hansen. 1992. The hbpA gene of Haemophilus influenzae type b encodes a heme-binding lipoprotein conserved among heme-dependent Haemophilus species. Infect. Immun. 60:2257-2266.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. Hayman, G. T., S. B. Von Bodman, H. Kim, P. Jiang, and S. K. Farrand. 1993. Genetic analysis of the agrocinopine catabolic region of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid pTiC58, which encodes genes required for opine and agrocin 84 transport. J. Bacteriol. 175:5575-5584.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Kurz, C., S. Chauvet, E. Andres, M. Aurouze, I. Vallet, G. Michel, M. Uh, J. Celli, A. Filloux, S. De Bentzmann, I. Steinmetz, J. Hoffmann, B. Finlay, J. Gorvel, D. Ferrandon, and J. Ewbank. 2003. Virulence factors of the human opportunistic pathogen Serratia marcescens identified by in vivo screening. EMBO J. 22:1451-1460.[CrossRef][Medline]
8. Létoffé, S., L. Debarbieux, N. Izadi, N. Delepelaire, and C. Wandersman. 2003. Ligand delivery by heme carrier proteins: the binding of Serratia marcescens hemophore to its outer membrane receptor is mediated by two distinct peptide regions. Mol. Microbiol. 50:77-88.[Medline]
9. Létoffé, S., P. Delepelaire, and C. Wandersman. 2006. The housekeeping dipeptide permease is the Escherichia coli heme transporter and functions with two optional peptide binding proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:12891-12896.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
10. Létoffé, S., J. M. Ghigo, and C. Wandersman. 1994. Iron acquisition from heme and hemoglobin by Serratia marcescens extracellular protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:9876-9880.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11. Miller, J. H. 1992. A short course in bacterial genetics: a laboratory manual and handbook for Escherichia coli and related bacteria. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
12. Nanavati, D., M. Thirangoon, K., and K. A. Noll. 2006. Several archaeal homologs of putative oligopeptide-binding proteins encoded by Thermotoga maritima bind sugars. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:1336-1345.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
13. Occhino, D. A., E. E. Wyckoff, D. P. Henderson, T. J. Wrona, and S. M. Payne. 1998. Vibrio cholerae iron transport: haem transport genes are linked to one of two sets of tonB, exbB, exbD genes. Mol. Microbiol. 29:1493-1507.[CrossRef][Medline]
14. Park, J., D. Raychaudhuri, H. Li, S. Normark, and D. Mengin-Lecreulx. 1998. MppA, a periplasmic binding protein essential for import of the bacterial cell wall peptide L-alanyl--D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelate. J. Bacteriol. 180:1215-1223.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
15. Perkins-Balding, D., M. Ratliff-Griffin, and I. Stojiljkovic. 2004. Iron transport systems in Neisseria meningitidis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68:154-171.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
16. Perrotte-Piquemal, M., A. Danchin, and F. Biville. 1999. Pyrophosphate increases the efficiency of enterobactin-dependent iron uptake in Escherichia coli. Biochimie 81:245-253.[Medline]
17. Sargent, F., B. Berks, and T. Palmer. 2006. Pathfinders and trailblazers: a prokaryotic targeting system for transport of folded proteins. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 254:198-207.[CrossRef][Medline]
18. Shepherd, M., M. Heath, and R. Poole. 2007. NikA binds heme: a new role for an Escherichia coli periplasmic nickel-binding protein. Biochemistry 46:5030-5037.[CrossRef][Medline]
19. Smith, M., D. Tyreman, G. Payne, N. Marshall, and J. Payne. 1999. Substrate specificity of the periplasmic dipeptide-binding protein from Escherichia coli: experimental basis for the design of peptide prodrugs. Microbiology 145:2891-2901.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
20. Stojiljkovic, I., and K. Hantke. 1994. Transport of haemin across the cytoplasmic membrane through a haemin-specific periplasmic binding-protein-dependent transport system in Yersinia enterocolitica. Mol. Microbiol. 13:719-732.[Medline]
21. Stojiljkovic, I., and D. Perkins-Balding. 2002. Processing of heme and heme-containing proteins by bacteria. DNA Cell Biol. 21:281-295.[CrossRef][Medline]
22. Thompson, J. M., H. A. Jones, and R. D. Perry. 1999. Molecular characterization of the hemin uptake locus (hmu) from Yersinia pestis and analysis of hmu mutants for hemin and hemoprotein utilization. Infect. Immun. 67:3879-3892.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
23. Tong, Y., and M. Guo. 2007. Cloning and characterization of a novel periplasmic heme transport protein from the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 12:735-750.[CrossRef][Medline]
24. Vargas, C., A. G. McEwan, and J. A. Downie. 1993. Detection of c-type cytochromes using enhanced chemiluminescence. Anal. Biochem. 209:323-326.[CrossRef][Medline]
25. Verkamp, E., V. M. Backman, J. Bjorsson, D. Soll, and G. Eggertsson. 1993. The periplasmic dipeptide permease system transports 5-aminolevulinic acid in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 175:1452-1456.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
26. Wandersman, C., and P. Delepelaire. 2004. Bacterial iron sources: from siderophores to hemophores. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 58:611-647.[CrossRef][Medline]
27. Wandersman, C., and I. Stojiljkovic. 2000. bacterial heme sources: role of hemophores and receptors. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 3:215-220.[CrossRef][Medline]
28. Wyckoff, E., D. Duncan, A. Torres, M. Mills, K. Maase, and S. Payne. 1998. Structure of the Shigella dysenteriae haem transport locus and its phylogenetic distribution in enteric bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 28:1139-1152.[CrossRef][Medline]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Other Versions of this Article: JB.01636-07v1 190/6/1866    most recent Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Létoffé, S. Articles by Wandersman, C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Létoffé, S. Articles by Wandersman, C.