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FIG. 1. Preoccupations of Hiroshi Nikaido. Since the inception of his career, knowledge of the cell envelope has progressed from the cartoon visions of 1975 (left inset) to the crystallographically inspired models of today. Well before they were solved by X-ray data, however, Hiroshi's biochemical data on OmpF, LamB, MalE, MalFGK, and AcrB (boxed in red) gave him the first insights into their mechanistic properties, and the overall organization of the OM (right inset). Protein structures were created using Rasmol (UC Berkeley), with crystallographic coordinates from the Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/). In some cases (MalFGK, TolA, TonB), existing structural information is incomplete, and the figure depicts a postulated conformation based on composite data from other systems. Abbreviations: Col, colicin; Mal, maltose, Glu, glucose; Cip, ciprofloxacin; FeEnt, ferric enterobactin; Fc; ferrichrome; B₁₂, vitamin B₁₂; FeCit, ferric citrate; K+, potassium channel; bc1, cytochrome c reductase complex; cytC, cytochrome c; CytOx, cytochrome oxidase; H+, proton ATP synthase; IM, inner membrane. The remaining proteins are identified by standard nomenclature.

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